Tax and the Normalisation of Cryptocurrency

Clarke McEwan Accountants

In early November, the Commonwealth Bank announced that it is now Australia’s first bank to offer customers the ability to buy, sell and hold crypto assets, directly through the CommBank app. You know when the banks come on board, cryptocurrency has become normal.

 

But cryptocurrency is only one part of the blockchain universe. Non-fungible tokens or NFTs (fungible means interchangeable) are one-of-a-kind digital assets which are part of the Ethereum blockchain. An example is the CryptoKitties game that allows players to purchase, collect, breed and sell unique virtual cats – and, before you laugh, the game transacted over $1 million in virtual cats in its first few days of launching.

 

NFTs are also rapidly rising in popularity in the artworld because ownership of the asset is on the blockchain and in some cases, the artist can take a percentage of every transaction of that artwork – so, no more starving artists because they can generate an income from the asset over time not just on the first sale. A stellar example is the sale of a NFT artwork by the digital artist Beeple, which was sold at auction by Christies in March 2021 for $69 million (USD).

 

Let’s look at what the Australian Taxation Office has to say about some of the commonly asked questions about the implications of investing in blockchain.


Is mining cryptocurrency income or an asset?


If you receive crypto from providing services to others, this can represent income. If you create crypto, you acquire a capital gains tax (CGT) asset. A taxing event will arise when you exchange crypto for Australian Dollars or another crypto asset.


Does the ATO really know about my crypto transactions?


The ATO is using various sources for data collection including digital service providers (DSPs) and analysis software to track taxpayer compliance. There are several data-mining projects (no pun intended) underway looking specifically at cryptocurrency and cryptocurrency platforms.


What happens if my cryptocurrency is stolen?


You may be able to claim a capital loss if you lose your cryptocurrency private key or your cryptocurrency is stolen. Generally, where an item can be replaced it is not lost. A lost private key can't be replaced. Therefore, to claim a capital loss you must be able to provide the following kinds of evidence:


  • When you acquired and lost the private key
  • The wallet address that the private key relates to
  • The cost you incurred to acquire the lost or stolen cryptocurrency
  • The amount of cryptocurrency in the wallet at the time of loss of private key
  • That the wallet was controlled by you (for example, transactions linked to your identity)
  • That you are in possession of the hardware that stores the wallet
  • Transactions to the wallet from a digital currency exchange for which you hold a verified account or is linked to your identity.


I mine cryptocurrency as a hobby so I should not have to pay tax on it?


Unfortunately, it’s unlikely mining for fun will allow you to avoid tax. The circumstances where you can generate cryptocurrency or transact it without paying tax are very limited.


Can I get a tax deduction for computer equipment purchased for mining?


If you are in the business of mining, then you can claim a deduction for the equipment you purchase to generate income. If you are not carrying on a business, then the crypto is

held as an investment and the equipment is not deductible.


How is my NFT artwork taxed?


As with any other cryptocurrency, an NFT can be held for personal use. Personal use assets are CGT assets that you keep mainly for your personal use or enjoyment.

 

NFT is not a personal use asset if it is kept or used mainly:

 

  • As an investment
  • In a profit-making scheme, or
  • In the course of carrying on a business.

 

The relevant time for working out if an asset is a personal use asset is at the time of its disposal. During a period of ownership, the way that an NFT is kept or used may change (for example, NFTs may originally be acquired for personal use and enjoyment, but ultimately kept or used as an investment, to make a profit on ultimate disposal or as part of carrying on a business).

 

The longer an NFT is held, the less likely it is that it will be a personal use asset – even if you ultimately use it for personal use or consumption.

 

Capital gains you make from personal use assets acquired for less than $10,000 are disregarded for CGT purposes. However, all capital losses you make on personal use assets are disregarded. Collectables are not classed as personal use assets and may be subject to CGT.


Can my Self Managed Superannuation Fund invest in cryptocurrency?


The issue is not so much can you acquire cryptocurrency within an SMSF but should you? The June 2021 ATO statistical report shows that Australians held approximately $212m in cryptocurrency assets as at 30 June 2021- only 0.03% of total assets. The simple reason is that the volatility of cryptocurrency makes it harder to rationalise under Section 62 of the Superannuation Industry Supervision (SIS) Act, particularly if the asset allocation ratio of cryptocurrency assets in the SMSF is high. But, it’s not impossible if managed correctly at an investment and administrative level.

 

With Bitcoin as low as $14k on 13 September 2020, and $61k on 12 September 2021, it’s easy to see the appeal for investors with the appetite for risk (335% return across 12 months). In this same period, Ethereum grew 767%. But the world was in a different place in September 2020, not just in cryptocurrency.

 

Before investing in cryptocurrency there are a few things SMSF trustees need to be aware of:

 

  • Trust Deed - the trust deed of the fund must allow for cryptocurrency assets. Most SMSF trust deeds are drafted broadly to enable trustees to invest in assets permitted by the superannuation laws and leave the investment strategy to manage the choice of assets and their appropriateness. However, it is important to check.
  • Investment strategy - Your Investment Strategy is a major consideration with any investment within an SMSF but with cryptocurrency’s high volatility and risks, there must be clearly articulated information in the Investment Strategy. That is, it must articulate the trustees’ plan for making, holding and realising assets in a way that is consistent with the retirement goals of members being mindful of the member’s individual circumstances.
  • Separation of assets – it’s important that the cryptocurrency assets are held in a wallet in the name of the SMSF and the IP address is provided to the SMSF auditors to verify the transactions (against the fund bank account). Problems can often arise when a wallet (in the name of the SMSF) is connected to a personal credit card to acquire cryptocurrency. In these cases, the payment is seen as either a contribution or a loan to the SMSF.

 

The ATO also suggests you look at the diversity of the SMSF’s investments.

 

How tax applies to blockchain and the generation of income or assets is still a work in progress. Please contact us if we can assist.

By Clarke McEwan March 30, 2026
From 1 July 2026, the way you pay your employees’ super is changing. Instead of making quarterly super payments to your employees’ funds, contributions will essentially need to be paid at the same time as salary and wages. ‘Payday Super’ marks a significant change for employers. To make sure your business isn’t caught out, make sure you’ve taken the following readiness steps, in line with ATO guidance .  Understand the new requirements Under the new regime, super guarantee payments must reach your employees’ super funds within seven business days of payday, though longer deadlines apply in some cases, such as for new employees. The amount of contribution is calculated as 12% of an employee’s ‘qualifying earnings’ – a new term that incorporates and expands on the previous concept of ordinary time earnings. If contributions are not made on time, in full and to the correct fund, the super guarantee charge (SGC) may apply. Plan your transition The ATO recommends that employers do the work now to plan and prepare for Payday Super. This includes: - Deciding when, exactly, your business will move to Payday Super (noting early adoption is perfectly fine). - Reviewing your cash flow position, to make sure your business can cope with a shift away from quarterly to ‘real-time’ super payments. - Checking your current payroll and business processes, such as confirming that super fund details for all eligible employees are up-to-date and complete. Lock in plans Once your business has determined when it will start using Payday Super, the next step is to make sure all relevant systems are ready for the change. That includes the payroll software you use, as well as any clearing houses or super fund portals you may use to make super guarantee contributions. For any businesses that use the Small Business Superannuation Clearing House (SBSCH), remember that it will close permanently from 1 July 2026 as part of the Payday Super reforms. Finally, take the time to troubleshoot any potential issues that might arise once Payday Super is live. For example, your business may need to implement a process quickly to correct any errors that might arise when paying employees’ super contributions. Remember, from 1 July 2026… …Payday Super is mandatory. Any businesses that do not adapt to the new rules and continue to pay super quarterly run the risk of being on the receiving end of compliance action by the ATO. If your business needs help preparing for Payday Super, feel free to reach out to a member of our team. We can walk you through the requirements of the new legislation and troubleshoot any potential pitfalls well ahead of 1 July.
By Clarke McEwan March 27, 2026
Top 10 Tax Deductions for Doctors and Medical Practitioners in Australia Medical practitioners in Australia often face complex tax obligations due to high incomes, multiple work locations, and ongoing professional expenses. Understanding which tax deductions are legitimately available can make a significant difference to your after‑tax position—while remaining fully compliant with Australian Taxation Office (ATO) requirements. Below are ten common tax deductions that doctors, specialists, locums, and medical practice owners should review each financial year. 1. Medical Equipment and Professional Tools Medical equipment and tools used for work purposes—such as stethoscopes, diagnostic tools, surgical instruments, and medical bags—are generally tax‑deductible. Lower‑cost items may be claimed immediately, while higher‑value equipment typically needs to be depreciated over its effective life. Depending on the timing and structure of purchase, tax depreciation concessions may allow accelerated deductions. 2. Work‑Related Motor Vehicle Expenses If you travel between multiple work locations, such as hospitals, clinics, private rooms, or patient home visits, you may be entitled to claim motor vehicle expenses. The ATO allows claims using either the logbook method or the cents‑per‑kilometre method. Travel between home and your primary workplace is generally not deductible unless you are a locum or considered genuinely itinerant. 3. Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and Education Expenses incurred to maintain or improve your existing medical skills are usually deductible. This can include CPD course fees, professional conferences, seminars, and approved training programs. Where there is a clear professional purpose, reasonable travel and accommodation costs associated with education may also be deductible, including for interstate or overseas conferences. 4. Professional Memberships and Registration Fees Registration and subscription costs that are necessary for you to practise medicine are generally tax‑deductible. These may include AHPRA registration fees, medical college memberships, medical association subscriptions, and medical indemnity insurance premiums. 5. Home Office Expenses Many doctors perform administrative duties, telehealth consultations, research, or practice management tasks from home. In these cases, a portion of home office expenses may be claimable, such as electricity, internet, phone usage, and office equipment. Claims must be supported by accurate records and reasonably apportioned between work and private use. 6. Income Protection Insurance Premiums for personally held income protection insurance are generally tax‑deductible for medical practitioners. Life insurance, total and permanent disability (TPD), and trauma insurance premiums are not deductible when held personally, although different rules may apply when insurance is held within superannuation. 7. Technology and Software Expenses Doctors can usually claim deductions for work‑related technology, including laptops, tablets, mobile phones, practice management systems, medical software, and accounting or billing platforms. If an asset is used partly for personal purposes, the expense must be apportioned accordingly. 8. Uniforms, Scrubs, and Laundry Branded uniforms and occupation‑specific clothing such as scrubs are deductible, as are associated laundry and cleaning costs. Conventional clothing, even if only worn at work, is not deductible under ATO guidelines. 9. Interest on Business and Equipment Loans Interest on loans used for income‑producing purposes is generally tax‑deductible. This includes loans for medical equipment, practice fit‑outs, business acquisitions, and certain leasing or finance arrangements. Only the interest portion of repayments is deductible, not the principal. 10. Personal Superannuation Contributions Medical practitioners may be eligible to claim tax deductions for personal superannuation contributions made in addition to employer contributions, subject to concessional contribution caps. A valid Notice of Intent to Claim a Deduction must be lodged with the super fund within the required timeframes. ATO Compliance Considerations Doctors are considered higher‑risk taxpayers due to income levels and deduction profiles. Claims should always be conservative, well‑documented, and clearly linked to the generation of assessable income. Professional advice from an accountant experienced in the medical sector can help ensure compliance while optimising legitimate tax outcomes. Specialist Advice for Medical Practitioners Clarke McEwan Chartered Accountants advises GPs, specialists, locums, and medical practice owners across Queensland and Australia. Our services include medical‑specific tax planning, structuring, compliance, and long‑term wealth strategies. If you would like a review of your tax position or guidance on your deductions, a confidential consultation is available. Book a time with us here Book Initial No Obligation Consultation at Clarke McEwan for all new medical clients.
Keeping Your Self-Managed Super Fund Compliant
By Clarke McEwan March 8, 2026
Keeping Your Self-Managed Super Fund Compliant
By Clarke McEwan March 8, 2026
The ATO has issued a Draft Taxation Determination TD 2026/D1 which looks at how inherited family homes are treated for CGT purposes. Some industry commentators have dubbed it a “death tax by stealth”, but it is a bit more complex than this. The draft guidance focuses on a specific aspect of the rules around applying the main residence exemption to inherited properties, potentially exposing deceased estates and beneficiaries to significant tax if not planned correctly. Here’s what you need to know in practical terms. Why TD 2026/D1 Matters Under current law, deceased estates or beneficiaries can potentially sell a deceased individual’s former family home without paying CGT if certain conditions can be met. This exemption is particularly valuable for properties owned long-term, where unrealised gains could be substantial. In order to access a full exemption you normally need to ensure that the property is sold within 2 years of the date of death (but the ATO can potentially extend this deadline) or that the property has been the main residence of certain qualifying individuals from the date of death until the property is sold. These qualifying individuals can include the surviving spouse of the deceased individual, the beneficiary selling an interest in the property or someone who has a right to occupy the dwelling under the deceased’s will. The draft ATO guidance focuses on this last point. That is, what does it mean for someone to have “a right to occupy the dwelling under the deceased’s will.” In summary, the ATO’s view is that: The right to live in the home must be explicitly granted in the will to a named individual. Broad discretionary powers given to trustees, separate agreements, or even testamentary trusts (TTs) are not sufficient in the ATO’s view. For example:  A will giving an executor discretion to allow a family member to occupy the home does not meet this requirement. A trustee of a TT who allows a beneficiary to live in the house is seen as separate from the will and may trigger CGT on sale. Some legal and real estate experts warn this could force families to sell homes within two years of death to avoid CGT, especially in high-value areas. Consider this: inheriting a $2 million home with a capital gain of $1.5 million could expose the beneficiaries to $300,000–$600,000 in tax, depending on discounts and tax brackets. However, it is important to remember that there are still other ways for the sale of the property to qualify for a full exemption. Practical Steps to Protect Your Estate While we are waiting for the ATO to finalise its guidance in this area, there are steps you can take to protect your family’s assets: Review and update your will, especially if you are planning to provide certain individuals with the right to occupy a property. Does the will currently provide this right to specifically named beneficiaries? Plan the timing of sales – The two-year exemption window remains, but if you inherit a property and intend to hold it longer than this, weigh any potential CGT exposure against future rental income or family needs. Partial CGT exemptions might still apply, but the rules and calculations can be complex. Seek professional advice, especially if your estate plan uses TTs. You will normally need to work closely with tax and legal advisors to structure the plan appropriately. Be market aware – Estate planning can intersect with market timing. Quick sales may preserve CGT exemptions, but this needs to be weighed up against non-tax factors. The key takeaway is clear: estate planning is a complex area and needs to be navigated carefully to preserve family wealth and avoid unintended tax implications.
By Clarke McEwan March 8, 2026
Running a business from home—whether as a sole trader, freelancer, or small operator—has many perks. But when it comes to selling your home and potentially saving on tax, recent guidance from the ATO serves as a reality check. The ATO has provided its views on how home-based businesses interact with the small business capital gains tax (CGT) concessions, providing a warning on how the ATO approaches a long-standing area of confusion. See: Home-based business and CGT implications | Australian Taxation Office The Key Issue: Active Asset Test When an individual sells their main residence, they will often enjoy a full CGT exemption. However, if part of the home is used for business purposes, this can potentially impact on the scope of the exemption. If a full exemption isn’t available under the main residence rules then we typically look to other CGT concessions, including the CGT discount for assets that have been held for more than 12 months or the small business CGT concessions. The small business CGT concessions can potentially reduce or eliminate a capital gain made on sale of a property, but only if certain conditions are passed. One of the key conditions is that the property must pass an active asset test. In very broad terms, to pass the active asset test you need to show that the property has been actively used in a business activity for at least 7.5 years across the ownership period or for at least half of the ownership period. The ATO is clear: the active asset test applies to the entire property, not just the business portion. When you are applying the active asset test, an asset either passes this test or fails it. It is not really possible for an asset to partially pass the active asset test. The entire property is either an active asset or it is not. Simply having a home office, workshop, or even being able to claim home occupancy expenses as a deduction does not necessarily make your home an active asset. Where business use is incidental to the home’s primary residential purpose, the ATO’s view is that the small business CGT concessions generally do not apply. Rus v FCT The view that the entire property must qualify as an active asset—and that incidental or minor business use (such as a home office or storage in a largely residential setting) is insufficient—draws support from case law, particularly the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) decision in Rus and Commissioner of Taxation [2018] AATA 1854 (Rus v FCT). In that case, a taxpayer sought access to the small business CGT concessions on the sale of a 16-hectare largely vacant rural property, where only a small portion (less than 10% by area) was used for business purposes: a home office, shed for storing tools/equipment/vehicles, and related supplies tied to a plastering and construction business operated through a controlled company. The balance of the land remained vacant or used residentially. The AAT upheld the ATO's ruling that the property as a whole did not satisfy the active asset test, reasoning that the business activities were not sufficiently integral to the asset overall. Minor or incidental use did not make the entire property an active asset, especially where the business was primarily conducted off-site. This precedent reinforces the ATO's strict approach in home-based business scenarios: the property is assessed holistically. This means that limited business use typically fails to tip the scales toward qualifying for the concessions. Practical Examples Let’s take a look at how the ATO approaches some common scenarios. Minor home-based business: Harriet runs a hairdressing salon in a spare room, using 7% of the total floor space of the property and seeing clients eight hours a week. She claims deductions for occupancy expenses and gets a 93% main residence exemption. However, because her business use is minor, she cannot access small business CGT concessions. The 50% CGT discount can still apply. Significant business use: Sue and Rob own a two-storey building, with the ground floor operating as a takeaway store (50% of the total floor area of the property) and the top floor as their private residence. The business has been running for decades with employees. Here, the property qualifies as an active asset, potentially giving them access to the small business CGT concessions for the portion of the capital gain that isn’t covered by the main residence exemption. What This Means for You A partial main residence exemption doesn’t necessarily mean you have access to the small business CGT concessions. Many homeowners mistakenly assume that business deductions or a home office automatically open the door. The ATO clearly doesn’t share this view. Seek advice before changing the way your home will be used. Starting to operate a business from home can impact on deductions, CGT calculations and access to CGT concessions. We are here to help you make fully informed decisions. Keep thorough records. Floor plans, hours of business use, and detailed deductions can help strengthen your position and may help in any future planning or audits. Consult your accountant. If selling your home is on the horizon, professional advice is critical to assess any potential CGT exposure and explore concessions that might be available. The Bottom Line The ATO’s updated guidance suggests that many home-based business owners won’t have access to the small business CGT concessions on sale of their home, but this always depends on the facts. Business owners need to plan proactively, rather than assume that tax relief will be available. By understanding how your home’s business use is treated, you can make smarter decisions. For example, will the profits generated from a small business operated at home end up being wiped out by a higher CGT liability on sale of the property down the track? After all, when it comes to CGT, every dollar you keep counts toward your next venture or your retirement nest egg.
By Clarke McEwan March 8, 2026
Running a successful business is hard work—and sometimes, despite best intentions, tax obligations slip. If the business is being operated through a company structure, then the ATO can potentially issue a Director Penalty Notice (DPN), holding company directors personally liable for unpaid taxes. In 2024–25, DPNs skyrocketed by 136%, reaching over 84,000 notices, affecting directors of around 64,000 companies. The stakes are high, and now the Tax Ombudsman is reviewing how the ATO issues and manages these notices—a development all directors should take seriously. So, what exactly is a DPN? Put simply, if your company fails to pay certain taxes—like PAYG withholding, GST, or Superannuation Guarantee Charge (SGC)—the ATO can target directors personally. There are two types: Non-lockdown DPNs: These apply if the company has lodged its activity statements or SGC statements but hasn’t made the relevant payments. In this case directors have 21 days to take appropriate action, such as arranging for payment of the debt, appointing an administrator, or entering liquidation. Acting promptly may allow the penalty to be remitted. Lockdown DPNs: These apply if reporting deadlines are missed as well. In this scenario directors can’t avoid personal liability by putting the company into administration or liquidation. The intent is to protect government revenue and employee entitlements—but for directors, the impact can be severe. Why the Ombudsman is Involved The review, announced in December 2025 by Tax Ombudsman Ruth Owen, responds to a surge in complaints, with DPNs topping the list. It will examine: How effectively the ATO uses DPNs to recover debts ($54.2 billion in collectable amounts by mid-2025) The fairness of selecting cases for enforcement How directors are notified and communicated with Treatment of vulnerable directors, including those coerced into roles or facing financial abuse The review also aligns with broader government initiatives, including support for gender-based violence survivors and more empathetic engagement with business owners. While timelines are flexible due to resources, the review is part of the 2025–26 work plan, alongside assessments of ATO services for agents, First Nations engagement, and interest charge remissions. Commercial Takeaways for Directors DPNs are more than a compliance issue—they’re a real commercial risk. Ignoring a notice can disrupt personal finances, damage credit ratings, and even trigger bankruptcy. At the same time, the Ombudsman review could improve transparency and fairness, giving directors a clearer understanding of options if financial stress arises. Practical steps to protect yourself now Stay on top of obligations: make sure the company lodges returns and pays liabilities on time. Lodge statements even if payment isn’t possible: Failing to lodge activity statements just makes things worse. Consider using ATO payment plans if cash flow is tight but remember that this won’t necessarily enable directors to escape personal liability if a DPN has been issued already. Monitor company cash flow and tax health closely, especially during economic dips. Act fast if you receive a DPN: Consult immediately your accountant or lawyer to explore options because strict deadlines might apply. Consider director insurance or business structuring to limit personal exposure—but compliance always comes first. The Ombudsman’s review is a timely reminder: tax is a key business risk, not just paperwork. Being informed, proactive, and prepared can protect both your business and your personal assets. If you’re concerned about DPN exposure, reach out for a tailored review—we can help you stay ahead of risk, so your business thrives rather than just survives.
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